Evolutionary psychology (EP) is an approach within psychology that examines psychological traits - such as memory, perception, or language - from a modern evolutionary perspective. It seems to explain how many human psychological traits are evolved adaptations, that is, the functional products of natural selection or sexual selection. Adaptationist thinking about physiological mechanisms, such as the heart, lungs and immune system, is common in evolutionary biology. Evolutionary psychology applies the same thinking to psychology, arguing that the mind has a modular structure similar to that of the body with different modules having adapted to serve different functions. Evolutionary psychologists argue that much of human behavior is the output of psychological adaptations that evolved to solve recurrent problems in human ancestral environments.
Other adaptations, according to EP, might include the abilities to infer others' emotions, to discern kin from non-kin, to identify and prefer healthier mates to cooperate with others and so on. Consistent with the theory of natural selection, evolutionary psychology see organisms as often in conflict with others of their species, including mates and relatives. For example, mother mammals and their young offspring sometimes struggle over weaning, which benefits the mother more than the child. Evolutionary psychology emphasizes the importance of kin selection and reciprocity in allowing for non-selfish social traits such as altruism to arise.
Like chimps and bonobos, humans have subtle and flexible social instincts, allowing them to form extended families, lifelong friendships and political alliances. In studies testing theoretical predictions, evolutionary psychologists have made impressive findings on topics such as infanticide, intelligence, beauty, and parental investment.
Evolutionary psychologists hold that behaviors or traits that occur universally in all cultures are good candidates for evolutionary adaptations. Evolved psychology adaptations ( such as the ability to learn a language ) interact with cultural inputs to produce specific behaviors (e.g. the specific language learned ). Innate gender differences, such as greater adult strength and aggression among men, are explained as adaptations that reflect the different reproductive strategies of males and females. Evolutionary psychologist contrast their approach to what they term the "standard social science model", according to which the mind is a general-purpose cognition duice shaped almost entirely by culture. The influence of adaptationist approaches in psychology has been steadily increasing.
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